Social norms as influencers of type 2 diabetes risk-taking behaviours: a qualitative deep-dive diagnosis in two high-burden districts in Uganda

This multi-method qualitative study explores diet-related social norms and their influence on risk-taking behaviours for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in eastern Uganda. Using the Social Norms Exploration Toolkit, researchers interviewed 45 participants including T2D patients, caregivers, healthcare providers, and community members in Bugiri and Busia districts. The study highlights three main themes: general awareness of T2D risk factors, common social norms influencing dietary behaviours, and behavioural risk factors influenced by social norms. Findings reveal that gendered and cultural norms strongly influence dietary behaviours, with women preparing unhealthy foods to meet societal expectations while fearing sanctions like divorce or community stigma. The research underscores the need for gender-transformative, culturally sensitive and community-centred interventions to address T2D risk behaviours.